In 1350, the traditional idea of the 'three estates' - priests, knights and labourers - offered an idealized but essentially accurate picture of society.
By 1500, a far more complex structure based on landowning, wealth, the city commercial elite and 'bastard feudal' relations was firmly in place. In this richly detailed new book, Maurice Keen traces the causes and scope of this great transformation by looking in turn at the development of each 'estate'. He considers the spread of literacy, the terrible devastation wrought by the Black Death (1348-9), the merchantile growth of London alongside the royal court at Westminster, and the new systems of taxation and administration created by the Hundred Years War (1337-1453). These crucial factors influenced popular and clerical religion, country life, and the social priorities of aristocrats, their retinues and their household servants. Keen draws on a wide range of evidence and explores many unexpected connections; the result is a subtle and three-dimensional portrait of England during a major watershed in our history.
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